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What is a discount factor in game theory?

What is a discount factor in game theory?

It is a value between 0 and 1. Discount factors incorporate a few different ideas: time value of money, a person’s underlying impatient preferences, and an exogenous probability that the game might end before the next period. Thus, they provide a helpful mathematical solution while also maintaining empirical accuracy.

What are the rules of Rubinstein bargaining?

Rubinstein’s model consists in a two-person game where player 1 starts the negotiation making an offer about the partition of a pie and, after that, player 2 has to accept it or reject it. Then, if the offer is not accepted, it is players 2’s time to make an offer. Whenever an offer is accepted, the bargaining ends.

What is the Nash bargaining solution?

Nash bargaining game His solution is called the Nash bargaining solution. It is the unique solution to a two-person bargaining problem that satisfies the axioms of scale invariance, symmetry, efficiency, and independence of irrelevant alternatives.

What is a pay off in the game theory setting?

Payoff: The payout a player receives from arriving at a particular outcome. The payout can be in any quantifiable form, from dollars to utility. Information set: The information available at a given point in the game. The term information set is most usually applied when the game has a sequential component.

How is discount factor calculated?

For example, to calculate discount factor for a cash flow one year in the future, you could simply divide 1 by the interest rate plus 1. For an interest rate of 5%, the discount factor would be 1 divided by 1.05, or 95%.

What is a bargaining surplus?

A bargaining surplus exists when there is overlap between parties’ reservation points. The question for negotiators becomes: How do you achieve most of the surplus for yourself, or how do you get more of the pie? Here are some popular distributive negotiation strategies to help you maximize your advantage:

What is the difference between discount rate and discount factor?

Whereas the discount rate is used to determine the present value of future cash flow, the discount factor is used to determine the net present value, which can be used to determine the expected profits and losses based on future payments — the net future value of an investment.

What does a high discount factor mean?

In general, a higher the discount means that there is a greater the level of risk associated with an investment and its future cash flows. Discounting is the primary factor used in pricing a stream of tomorrow’s cash flows.

What is the difference between Subgame perfect equilibrium and Nash equilibrium?

The key difference between subgame perfect equilibrium and Nash equilibrium is that subgame perfect equilibrium require that all threats are credible. Consequently, the study of subgame perfect equilibrium is the study of credible threats. Subgame perfect equilibria are a subset of Nash equilibria.

What is walk away point in negotiation?

A walk away point is, simply put, that very moment where you recognize that there is no point in continuing the negotiation because the offers do not align with what you want.

What is meant by saddle point?

Definition of saddle point 1 : a point on a curved surface at which the curvatures in two mutually perpendicular planes are of opposite signs — compare anticlastic. 2 : a value of a function of two variables which is a maximum with respect to one and a minimum with respect to the other.

What is Rubinstein’s alternating offers bargaining game?

In Rubinstein’s alternating offers bargaining game, players take turns acting as the proposer for splitting some surplus. The division of the surplus in the unique subgame perfect equilibrium depends upon how strongly players prefer current over future payoffs.

Does risk aversion affect the bargaining solution?

Some economists have studied the effects of risk aversion on the bargaining solution. Compare two similar bargaining problems A and B, where the feasible space and the utility of player 1 remain fixed, but the utility of player 2 is different: player 2 is more risk-averse in A than in B.

How does the disagreement point affect the bargaining solution?

This point directly affects the bargaining solution, however, so it stands to reason that each player should attempt to choose his disagreement point in order to maximize his bargaining position.

Is sequential bargaining a non cooperative game?

Under the positive approach, the bargaining procedure is modeled as a non-cooperative game. The most common form of such game is called sequential bargaining . A two-person bargain problem consists of: that is often assumed to be convex, the elements of which are interpreted as agreements.